Coloured Petrinet for Modelling and Validation of Dynamic Transmission Range Adjustment Protocol for Ad Hoc Network

The IEEE 802.11 standard defines two operational modes for WLANs: infrastructure based and infrastructureless or ad hoc. A wireless ad hoc network comprises of nodes that communicate with each other without the help of any centralized control. Ad hoc implies that the network does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure but rather each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes. The decentralized nature improves the scalability of wireless ad hoc network as compared to wireless managed networks. Each node acts as either a host or router. A node that is within the transmission range of any other node can establish a link with the later and becomes its immediate neighbour. However, the nodes in the ad hoc networks are constrained with limited resources and computation capability. So it may not be possible for a node to serve more number of neighbours at some instant of time. This enforces a node to remain connected or disconnected with few of its existing neighbours supporting the dynamic restructuring of the network. The presence of dynamic and adaptive routing protocol enables ad hoc networks to be formed quickly. The Dynamic Transmission Range Adjustment Protocol (DTRAP) provides a mechanism for adjusting transmission range of the ad hoc nodes. They maintain a threshold number of registered neighbours based on their available resources. The node protects its neighbourhood relationship during data communication by controlling its transmission range. It registers or de-registers a communicating node as its neighbour by dynamically varying the transmission range. However a node has a maximum limit on its transmission range. If the distance between the node and its neighbour is less than the transmission range and; 1)if the number of neighbours of a node falls short of threshold value, the node dynamically increases its transmission range in steps until it is ensured of an optimal number of neighbours 2)if the number of neighbours of a node exceeds the threshold value, the node dynamically decreases its transmission range in steps until it is ensured of an optimal number of neighbours. Coloured Petri nets (CP-nets) is the modelling language tool used for systems having communication, synchronisation and resource sharing as significant aspects. It provides a framework for the design, specication, validation, and verication of systems. It describes the states in which the system may be in and the transition between these states. The CPN combines Petri nets and programming languages. Petri nets amalgamate the use of graphical notation and the semantical foundation for modelling in systems. The functional programming language standard ML provides the primitives for the definition of data types and manipulation of data values. Besides providing the strength of a graphical modelling language, CP-nets are theoretically well-founded and versatile enough to be used in practice for systems of the size and complexity of industrial projects

Delving into the Bs→ℓℓ′ B_s \to \ell \ell^{\prime}, B(s)→(K(∗),ϕ,f2′,K2∗)ℓℓ′B_{(s)} \to (K^{(*)}, \phi, f_2^{\prime}, K_2^*) \ell \ell ^{\prime} processes

To shed light on the indirect search for new physics beyond the standard model, the long standing discrepancies between the theory and experiment mediated by FCNC $b\to s \ell \ell$ quark level transitions set an ideal testing ground. Though the very recent measurements of $R_K$ and $R_{K^*}$ are consistent with the standard model, still the excitements remain on the measurements of LHCb experiment with the observables $\mathcal{B} (B_s \to \phi \mu ^+ \mu ^-)$ which has deviations at the level of $3.6 \sigma$. Additionally, standard deviation of $\sim 3.3 \sigma$ and $1.2 \sigma$, respectively for $P_5^{\prime}$ in $B \to K^* \mu ^+ \mu ^-$ and the branching ratio in $B_s \to \mu^+ \mu^-$ processes are observed. Inspired by these discrepancies, we work out the constraints on the new physics coupling parameters in the presence of a non-universal $Z'$ model. We then probe the exclusive leptonic decay channels $B_s \to \ell \ell^{\prime}$, $B_{(s)} \to (K^{(*)}, \phi, f_2^{\prime}, K_2^*) \ell \ell ^{\prime}$ induced by the neutral current transition $b\to s \ell \ell^{\prime}$. We find that the $q^2$ variation of the observables, such as, branching ratio, forward-backward asymmetry, lepton polarization asymmetry, and the very sensible observable, so called non-universality observables for LFV decays display the sensitivity of new physics. In this analysis. we estimate above mentioned observables that could shed light on the window of new physics in the near future.Comment: I have updated the title of the paper. Also I have added few references and changed the title of the image

ICT FOR AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACT Rural development encompasses the development of agriculture, socio economic infrastructure and human resources in rural areas. For this development communication has to emerge as an important policy instrument integrating economic, social, education and cultural planning. The electronic mass communication has been considered as a potential agency for development of people. This paper comprehensively reviews the different types of electronic media. It discusses in detail about the simple, advanced and modern electronic media. Simple media like radio, television are accorded as most credible, reliable and farthest reaching communication techniques. Advanced electronic media like Interactive computer video technology (ICVT) fulfils the need of the interaction in the communication process and increases the quality of extension process. Computer Aided Agricultural Extension (CAEx) and Information Village (IV) blend traditional and recommended technology to generate and disseminate information relevant for the rural areas locally. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is extensive and pervasive in their application to agriculture and rural development. Innovation of this are KIOSKS, use of GIS, e-library etc. Rural cams like corn and dairy cams are useful technologies for dissemination using the concept of virtual farming. E -agricultural markets provides the farmers with services like acquiring of seeds , fertilizers, pesticides etc. Modern electronic media like Video text, teletext, and interactive multimedia are some other modern media. Interactive multimedia permits people to learn interactively using real situation. In near future, the concentrated and coordinated efforts of media like internet, videotext, teletext etc. with their appropriate combination could be effectively used in disseminating newly developed agricultural and dairy innovations to the prospective beneficiary farmers

Characterization & Abrasive Wear Behavior of Bio-fiber Based Carbon Black Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites devel- oped from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste.Over the last century the production of Carbon black is very expensive, which is produced by incomplete combustion of oil feed stocks. Now a days among the various carbonaceous materials, the agricultural waste prod- ucts make the good sources of raw materials for the production of CB. This CB is produced by the pyrolysis of coal, wood, coconut shell, oil palm shell, jute, banana, bamboo and other lignocellulosic biomass based materials because they are carbonaceous in nature and rich in organic materials. Such agricultural by products are usually inexpensive, for which the effective utilization has been desired. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 5, 10 , 15 and 20 wt percentage wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique.And also an effect has been made to develop new CB polymer composite using waste wood apple shell CB particles as reinforcement and to study its abra- sive wear behavior. Mechanical and tribological properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and youngs modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy